A single dietary or lifestyle factor cannot fully determine changes in the risk of death, as genes, genetic background, environmental conditions, and personal health status may also have an impact on the risk of death. The participants in this study were mainly white Americans with a median age of 61.5 years at the time of enrollment. The lifestyle and dietary habits of this generation differ significantly from many contemporary individuals and are not applicable to a wider population. The researchers emphasized that this is an observational study, and the results only show correlation and do not represent a causal relationship. That is to say, the conclusion of this study can only indicate that 'participants who consume multivitamins have a higher risk of death', rather than 'consuming multivitamins is harmful to the body'.